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“Using our model, we are beginning to answer that question, and it looks like infection does precede inflammation,” study author Dr. David Stoltz, an assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Iowa, said in a news release from the school. “The importance of that finding is that it could dictate what types of therapy we might use. Knowing that infection is first suggests that if we can prevent or fight infection, then that might delay or prevent the lung disease in people with CF.”

Most of the deaths and disability in people with CF result from lung disease.

The findings also appear to suggest that lung infections in children with cystic fibrosis should be treated early and aggressively, Stoltz said.

The researchers reached their conclusions by studying pigs with a genetic mutation that causes cystic fibrosis.

“This is a really great example where the pig serves as a model for what happens in the human, and the pig reacts to this disease in nearly the same way,” study co-author Randall Prather, distinguished professor of reproductive biotechnology at the University of Missouri, said in the news release. “In contrast, when you use mice, they don’t get the lung disease that is common in patients with cystic fibrosis.”

The study was published online in the journal Science Translational Medicine.

The Alair Bronchial Thermoplasty System is designed for people 18 and older whose asthma isn’t controlled with medication, including inhaled corticosteroids or long-acting beta agonists.

The device delivers radiofrequency energy directly to the airways, heating and reducing the thickness of lung tissue and improving users’ ability to breathe, the agency said in a news release.

To achieve the device’s full benefit, users will require multiple sessions targeting different parts of the lungs.

The device was evaluated in a clinical study involving 297 people with severe and persistent asthma. As a condition of approval, California-based manufacturer Asthmatx Inc. must conduct additional studies to evaluate the product’s long-term safety and effectiveness, the FDA said.

Potential side effects include asthma attacks, wheezing, chest pain or tightness, partially collapsed lung, coughing up blood, anxiety, headache or nausea.

The device should not be used by people with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, the agency said.

The findings may lead to the development of non-addictive painkillers, according to the researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio.

In work with mice, the scientists found that a family of fatty acids called oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OLAMs) play an important role in the biology of pain.

“This is a major breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms of pain and how to more effectively treat it,” senior investigator Kenneth Hargreaves, chair of the Department of Endodontics in the Dental School at the UT Health Sciences Center, said in an UT news release.

“These data demonstrate, for the first time, that OLAMs constitute a new family of naturally occurring capsaicin-like agents, and may explain the role of these substances in many pain conditions. This hypothesis suggests that agents blocking either the production or action of these substances could lead to new therapies and pharmacological interventions for various inflammatory diseases and pain disorders such as arthritis, fibromyalgia and others, including pain associated with cancer.”

The researchers developed two new classes of analgesic drugs that target OLAMs.

“Nearly everyone will experience persistent pain at some point in their lifetime,” Dr. Hargreaves said. “Our findings are truly exciting because they will offer physicians, dentists and patients more options in prescription pain medications. In addition, they may help circumvent the problem of addiction and dependency to pain medications, and will have the potential to benefit millions of people who suffer from chronic pain every day.”

The research was published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.

The American Academy of Dermatology offers this list of common risk factors for melanoma:
Having fair skin or skin that is otherwise sensitive to the sun.
Having red or blond hair with blue or green eyes.
Having more than 50 moles.
Having abnormal or irregular moles, often that are typically large.
Having a history of using tanning beds or being sunburned frequently.
Having a family history of melanoma.
Having a weakened immune system.
Having a personal history of melanoma or other form of skin cancer.
Being 50 or older.

Since U.S. operations began in those countries, more than 1,300 American military and civilian personnel have developed Leishmania major skin lesions, according to information in a news release about the study.

Naomi Aronson and her colleagues at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed Army Medical Center looked at 56 military personal with these skin lesions and found that a single session with a ThermoMed device appeared to be as effective as the current standard therapy involving a 10-day intravenous course of sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam).

Both treatments showed comparable rates of healing. The number and severity of side effects was greater with sodium stibogluconate treatment, but those problems resolved over time with no long-term effect, according to the researchers.

The study was published in the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Hans Clevers and a team of Dutch and Swedish researchers conducted a study in mice and found that the stem cell that gives produces all the different cells of the skin actually lives in hair follicles.

The findings, which they say will translate for human use, mean it may be possible to harness these stem cells to help with wound repair or skin transplants for burns victims, they said in a study in the Science journal on Thursday.

“This is the mother of all the stem cells in the skin — it makes all the other stem cells,” Clevers, of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Utrecht, told Reuters in a telephone interview.

“The same stem cells exist in humans, we can see them, and the promise is that these cells are probably going to be much better than anything we have had to date at making new skin.”

The skin has three different populations of cells — hair follicles, moisturizing sebaceous glands, and the tissue in between, known as the interfollicular epidermis. Stem cells are original cells, or drivers, from which all human cells develop.

Scientists had previously thought that stem cells in each of these three skin populations were capable of producing their own cell type, but until now, a “mother” stem cell which produces all three types had not been found.

Clevers’ team found that a group of stem cells that live in hair follicles and which have high levels of a gene called Lgr6 are the original epidermal stem cells.

In tests on mice with wounds, they found that Lrg6 cells around the wound drove new skin growth and repaired the skin.

Scientists are already able to grow new skin in laboratories using tissue from existing skin cells from patients who have been badly burned, but the new skin is often brittle, dry and does not have hair — making it look unusual.

Clevers said the advantage offered by the “mother” stem cell finding would be that they could grow skin from its original basis — allowing it to be “real new skin” with moisture from sebaceous glands and the ability to grow hair.

He said researchers now need to learn how to isolate the Lrg6 cells from human skin. That could take 2 to 3 years.

“We are learning how to grow the mouse cells in culture. Once we know how to do this and can isolate the human variant, we should be able to grow human cells as well,” he said.

“Since there is a lot of experience already with growing and transplanting skin for burn wound patients, it should be relatively easy to incorporate the new stem cells … and conduct trials in patients.”

(Editing by Elizabeth Fullerton)

In the trial, various doses of the drug, eprotirome, a laboratory-engineered version of thyroid hormone, were added to statin treatment for 168 people whose high levels of LDL cholesterol had not been lowered by previous use of statins. The combination did lower cholesterol levels in the 12-week trial and, most importantly, did not cause the feared side effects on the heart and other organs that have plagued similar thyroid-based treatments.

“There was no doubt that eprotirome would lower LDL cholesterol. Thyroid hormone is nature’s own statin,” said Dr. Paul W. Ladenson, a professor of endocrinology and metabolism at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and lead author of a report on the trial, published in the March 11 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. “But this is a demonstration of lipid-lowering effect without thyroid toxicity.”

Dr. Bo Angelin, a professor of clinical metabolic research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, where the drug was developed, said that the trial demonstrated that careful targeting of the drug’s effect within the body could obtain the benefits of thyroid hormone on blood cholesterol levels, without causing damaging side effects. The trial was funded in part by Karo Bio, a small commercial spinoff of the institute.

“We knew that thyroid hormone could lower lipid [cholesterol] levels but would have side effects on the circulation and bones and cause diarrhea,” Angelin said. “Even if the lipid levels were OK, it would be overall negative for patients.”

However, he added, “if we can get the thyroid effect in the liver [where cholesterol is metabolized] but not in other organs, we would be OK.”

Frequent monitoring showed no ill effects on the hearts and bones of those taking the drug, the report said.

And though statins are widely used and most often successful, an alternative to them would be welcome, Ladenson said. Statins are not effective in up to a quarter of potential users because of unacceptable muscle pain or simple failure to lower cholesterol levels, he said.

“The first importance of the trial is that it shows hepatic [liver] targeting of hormonal action,” Ladenson said. “The second exciting part is its impact on lipids other than LDL cholesterol.”

Though statins lower LDL (”bad”) cholesterol, they have no effect on other blood fats, such as lipoprotein A, which is believed to be equally damaging, Ladenson said. He said that significant reductions of blood levels of those fats were seen in the trial.

Larger and longer studies are needed to determine whether eprotirome will have the hoped-for effect on blood fat levels without side effects and will ultimately reduce the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases, both Ladenson and Angelin said, adding that such trials now are in the planning stages.

At best, results would not be available for “at least two to three years,” Angelin said.

If eprotirome does pass all the anticipated tests successfully, its use at first probably would be in combination with a statin, Angelin said. Use as a single drug treatment for elevated cholesterol levels could follow, first in selected patients, then more widely, he said.

It’s best to move cautiously, agreed Dr. Robert M. Califf, vice chancellor for clinical research at Duke University.

“The effects on LDL cholesterol and lipoproteins are pretty exciting,” Califf said. “But if there is one thing we’ve learned about drugs in this arena, it’s that we need large trials to see how they measure up in terms of risk and benefit.”

The trial’s researchers were careful to list indications of possible harmful side effects, such as a reduction in levels of HDL (”good”) cholesterol, Califf said. But he echoed the thought that a longer-term and larger test is needed to determine the incidence of some possible major side effects, such as impotence.

“I’m not sure I’d want to sign up for that one before I had longer-term results,” Califf said. “Being impotent is no fun.”

SOURCES: Paul W. Ladenson, M.D., professor, endocrinology and metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Bo Angelin, M.D., Ph.D., professor, clinical metabolic research, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden; Robert M. Califf, M.D., vice chancellor, clinical research, Duke University, Durham, N.C.; New England Journal of Medicine

Light therapy and skin medications are common treatments for the condition, which is most famously associated with singer Michael Jackson. But the treatments don’t always work.

In a new study, researchers at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit say they followed 23 patients for as long as six months after surgery, which involves transplanting skin cells from one part of the patient to another.

Patients regained an average of about 52 percent of their missing natural skin color in treated areas; eight patients with one specific type of vitiligo gained an average of 74 percent.

“Patients of color and those with vitiligo on one side of the body and in one area of the body may benefit most from this procedure,” study senior author Dr. Iltefat Hamzavi, a senior staff physician, said in a news release from the Henry Ford Hospital.

The surgery lasted between 30 minutes and two hours, and the patients were under local anesthesia and were able to go home the next day, the study authors noted.

The study findings were presented at the American Academy of Dermatology annual meeting in Miami.

SOURCE: Henry Ford Hospital, news release.

The finding, based on a large-scale study of the genetic make-up of 26 different types of cancers, suggests cancer has less to do with where in the body it occurs, and more to do with the genetic changes that cause it to grow.

“A lot of the events that cause cancer are common between cancers of different tissue types,” said Matthew Meyerson of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, whose study appears in the journal Nature.

“You have breast cancer, lung cancer, cancer of the kidney — many of the events that cause these cancers are going to be the same,” Meyerson said in a telephone interview.

“What that means for treatment is that many treatments may be used across many different kinds of cancers.”

The finding is based on an effort started in 2004 to systematically map the genetic changes across different types of cancers.

The team focused on specific aberrations in the genetic code known as somatic copy-number alterations, in which segments of a tumor’s genome contain extra copies of a piece of DNA or lack the segment altogether.

For the study, the team collected more than 2,500 cancer specimens representing more than 24 cancer types, including lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, colon, esophageal, liver, brain and blood cancers.

They combined this with publicly available data from another 600 tumor samples.

“What we’re seeing here is that the copy number events that are happening in some of one cancer type are happening in some of another cancer type,” Meyerson said.

Out of 17 different types of cancer, they found that most copy number changes — either extra or missing DNA — were present in more than one type.

For drug companies, Meyerson said the finding suggests that rather than developing drugs to treat a specific type of cancer, companies may need to focus on drugs that target genetic changes that drive cancer growth.

“In principle, there could be broader drugs that could be effective against many cancers,” he said.

(Editing by Eric Walsh)